UoK - Department of Pharmaceutics : Syllabus Details

First Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-301
Fundamentals of Pharmacy Theory Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Pharmacy Orientation
Introduction and orientation to the profession of pharmacy in relation to hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, forensic pharmacy, pharmaceutical education and research etc.

2. History of Pharmacy
A survey of the history of pharmacy through ancient, Greek and Arab periods with special reference to contribution of Muslim scientists to pharmacy and allied sciences. Introduction to literature of pharmacy.

3. Literature of Pharmacy
Pharmacopocia, formularies, codices, abstracts, etc.

4. Physico-chemical Process
Precipitation, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, efflorescence deliquescence, lyophillization, elutrition, exication, descication, ignition, fusion, sublimation, calcination, decantation, adsorption, centrifugation, tirturation, levigation, dialysis, extraction, (maceration, percolation, infusion, decoction, digestion)

Books Recommended

1. Martin, P., Bustamante, P. and Chun, A.H.C Physical and Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, 4th Edition, New York (1999).
2. Aulton, M.E. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Edition, Harcourt Publisher (2002).
3. Rawlins E.A. (ed.). Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, 8th (or recent edition). Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York (1977).
4. Banker G.S. and Rhodes C.T. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Edition (Revised and expanded), Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York (2002).
5. Carstersen J.T. and Rhodes C.T. (ed.) Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd edition (revised and expanded), Mercel Dekker, New York (2000).

First Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-302
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Theory (I) Cr. Hr. 3

1. Classification of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Significance of classification, different classifications based on the following; methods of preparation. Galenicals and non-galenicals preparations, sterile and non-sterile preparations. Physical classification, pharmacological classification, classification according to mode of application, pharmaceutical. Classification according to release of drug, conventional dosage forms, time release products, repeat action products, prolonged action products, sustained released products, classification according to name of manufactures.

2. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Galenical liquid aqueous dosage forms
Infusions, decoctions, galenical liquid non-aqueous dosage forms, alcoholic dosage forms (tinctures, fluidextracts), oleagenous dosage forms (oleoresins, infused oils), galenical solid dosage forms. Extracts, resins.

Non galenical aqueous liquid dosage forms
Aqueous dosage forms, waters, diluted acids solutions, douches, enemas, gargles, washes, juices, ophthalmic solutions. Sweet viscid aqueous dosage forms, syrups, honeys, mucilages, jellies, aqueous suspensions, suspensions, mixtures, magmas, gels, lotions.

Non-glaenical non-aqueous dosage forms
Alcoholic solutions, spirits, elixirs, dental liniments, etherial solutions (collodions), glycerine solution (glycerites), oleagenous dosage forms (oleovitamins, toothache drops, inhalations, sprays, liniments, emulsions.

3. Parenterals
Definition, history, types, advantages, disadvantages uses, parenteral production area, containers and closures vehicles, pyrogens, requirements, manufacturing, testing etc.

Recommended Books

1. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design. Harcourt Publishers. Second Edition (2002).
2. Rawlins E.A. (ed.). Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, 8th (or recent edition). Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York (1985).
3. Alfonso R Gennaro. Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th Edition. Mack Publishing Company. (2002).
4. Winfield J. and Richards RME. Pharmaceutical Practice. Second Edition. Prentice Hall Publishing. (2004).

Second Professional Third Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-401
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (II) Cr. Hrs. 3

Non – Galenicals – Solid Dosage Forms
1. Powders: Definition, properties, advantages, disadvantages, types and preparation etc.
2. Tablets: Definition, types, essentials, advantages, disadvantages, formulation, manufacture, evaluation etc.
3. Capsules: Definition, advantages, disadvantages, types etc.
4. Miscellaneous: Suppositories, surgical dressings, glycerogelatins, medicated pencils, cements etc.

Non – Galenical – Semi-solid Dosage Forms
1. Ointment: Definition, ointment bases, preparation, dispensing etc.
2. Miscellaneous: Creams, pastes, poultices, plasters etc.

New Dosage Forms
Introduction of new dosage forms, drug delivery system and cosmetology.

Recommended Books

1. Anya M. Hellery, Andrew W. Lloyd, James Swarbrick. Drug Delivery and Targeting. For Pharmacist and Pharmaceutical Scientist. Taylor and Francis Pubications. (2001).
2. Joseph R. Robinson. Controlled Drug Delivery. Marcel Dekker Publications. (1997)
3. Ramabhadran T.V. Pharmaceutical Design and Development.
4. Aulton ME. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Forms Design.. Harcourt Publications Second Edition (2002).
5. Gilbert S. Banker. Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker Publishing, Fourth Edition, (2002).
6. Daan JA Crommelin, Robert D Sindelar. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. An Introduction for Pharmacist and Pharmaceutical Scientist. Harwood Academic Publishers. (1997).
7. Jain N K. Controlled and Novel drug delivery (2002).

Second Professional Fourth Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-402
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (Practical) Cr. Hrs. 0+3

Practical Elaborating Theory Course
Preparation of simple syrups, emulsions. Ointments, lotions, throat paints, glycerites, linimints, sprits, poultices, granules.

Books Recommended

Second Professional Third Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-403
Pharmaceutical Microbiology (I) Cr. Hrs. 3+0

1. General Microbiology
Historical introduction, scope of microbiology with special reference to pharmaceutical sciences. Nomenclature in classification of micro-organisms including virus, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

2. Bacteria
Classification of bacteria, cell structure, morphology and functions, growth factors, growth characteristics and growth curve, nutritional requirement and nutritional factors effecting growth, Different type of media and staining procedures.

3. Immunology
Definitions, classifications and cellular basis of immune response, immunity, auto-immunity and tolerance. Antigen, antibody, antigen antibody reactions and their clinical and diagnostic applications. Hypersensitivity and allergy and drug allergy mechanisms. Graft reaction, autoimmune disease.

4. Infections
Study of infections caused by following bacterial genera:
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Cholera, Mycobacterium, Helicobacter.
Various viral and rickettsial infections including rabbies, hepititus, AIDS and other emerging patogens. Rickettsial infections including leishmania and protozoal infections including malaria and others. Normal flora of human body.

5. Microbiology of air, water and soil.

Recommended Books

1. Ernest Jawetz, L. Metnick and E.A. Addelberg. Review of Medical Microbiology. Lippincott William & Wilkins Publishers (2002)
2. Lippincott. Microbiology. William & Wilkins Publishers (2002)
3. Alcamo. Introduction to Microbiology.
4. Zinsers. Medical Microbiology.
5. Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS and Krieg NR. Microbiology. McGraw Hill Publishing. (2002).

Second Professional Fourth Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-404
Pharmaceutical Microbiology (II) Cr. Hrs. 3+0

1. Sterilization and Disinfection
Methods of sterilization and disinfection, mechanism of killing. Kinetics of death of micro-organism, evaluation of sterilization and disinfection procedures.

2. Fermentation
Fermentation and respiration, ranges of fermentation, parameters of fermentation. Production of pharmacologically active fermentation products, selection of a suitable medium, isolation and recovery, kinetics of microbial growth, continuous culture application in fermentation, engineering aspect of fermentation.

3. Biologicals
Vaccines, classification of vaccines, production of vaccines and antisera. DNA recombinant technology for preparing vaccines Hormones and other biologicals. Pyrogen, sterility and toxicity tests.

4. Antibiotics
Definitions, classification of antibiotics, mode of actions, antimicrobial spectrum and side effects of different groups of antibiotics.

5. Factory and Hospital Hygiene
Introduction, control of microbial contamination during manufacturing, manufacturing of sterile products.

Recommended Books

1. Hugo W.B. and Russell A.D. Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
2. Presscot and Dunn Industrial Microbiology.
3. Daan JA Crommelin, Robert D Sindelar. Pharmaceutical Bio-technology. An Introduction for Pharmacist and Pharmaceutical Scientist. Harwood Academic Publishers. (1997).
4. Pelczar and Chan Microbiology.
5. Singletol and Sainsbury. Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology.
6. Meckallee M. Microbiology Essentials and Applications by.
7. Collen and Lynes. Microbiology Methods.

Third Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-501
Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Practical) Cr. Hrs. 0+3

Practicals Elaborating Theory Course
1. Sterilization of glassware and pharmaceutical products by various methods.
2. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of microorganism.
3. Total and viable counts of microorganisms, morphological and selective biochemical characteristics of some species.
4. Staining of bacteria: Gram method, acid fast, Grams staining, capsule staining, flagella and spore staining.
5. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.
6. Microbial evaluation of pharmaceutical products.
7. Microbiological assays of antibiotics and vitamins.
8. Pyrogen test, sterility test, toxicity test

Third Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-502
Physical Pharmacy Cr. Hrs. 3+0

1. Physico-chemical Principles
Solutions: Introduction, types, concentration expressions ideal and real solution, colligative properties, their mathematical derivations and application in Pharmacy, molecular weight determinations, distribution co-efficient and its applications in Pharmacy solubilization, solubility factor affecting solubility. HLB-value, surfactants, their properties and types. Micelles, their formulation and types, ionization. pH, pH indicators, pKa, buffer’s equation. Isotonic solutions and their applications in pharmacy.

2. Micromeritics
Particle size and shapes, distribution of particles methods of determination of particle size and importance of particle size in pharmacy.

3. Dispersion
Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical). Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy.
Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification, emulsifying agents their classification and stability of emulsion.
Suspensions: Types, methods of preparation, properties, suspending agents, their classification and stability.
Adsorption: Techniques and processes of adsorption in detail.

4. Rheology
Definition and fundamental concept. Properties contributing to rheological behaviour. Graphic presentation of rheological data.

5. Rate and order of reactions.

6. Kinetic Principles and Stability Testing, Theoretical Considerations
Degradation, physical factors, influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acid base catalysis, UV light. Chemical factors. Complex chemical reactions, oxidation-reduction hydrolysis.

Books Recommended

1. Martin, P., Bustamante, P. and Chun, A.H.C. Physical and Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, 4th Edition; New York (1999).
2. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design. Harcourt Publishers. Second Edition (2002).
3. Rawlins E.A. (ed.) Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, 8th (or recent edition). Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. NewYork (1977).
4. Banker G.S. and Rhodes C.T. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Edition (Revised and expanded), Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York (2002).
5. Carstensen J.T. and Rhodes C.T. (ed.) Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd edition (revised and expanded), Marcel Dekker, New York (2000).

Third Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-504
Industrial Pharmacy (I)
Pharmaceutical Unit Operations Cr. Hrs. 3

Mixing
Fundamentals, mechanism. Mixing equipment used in liquid/liquid, liquid/solid and solid/solid mixing. Comminution (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction. Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis. Sieving, energy mills (Ball mill, edrunner, edge runer mill disintegrant, colloid mill, hammer mill, cutter mill, fluid energy mill etc.).

Drying
Theories of drying, drying of solids, classification of dryers, general methods, fluidized bed systems, pneumatic systems, spray dryer, freeze drying

Clarification and Filtration
Theory, filler media, filter aids, filter selection, equipment used for filtration.

Evaporation
General principles of evaporation, evaporators, evaporation under reduced pressure.

Compression and Compaction
The solid-air interface, angle of repose, flow rates, mass volume relationship, density, Heckel plots, consolidation, granulation, friability, compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), physics of tableting. Tableting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tableting, tablet coating.

Encapsulation
Capsulation hard and soft gelatin capsules.

Recommended Books

1. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design. Harcourt Publishers. Second Edition (2002).
2. Leon Lachman, Lea and Febiger. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (1986).
3. James Swarbrick. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Marcel and Dekker Publishing (2002).

Third Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-513
Computer Application in Pharmacy (Practical) Cr. Hrs. 2

1. Introduction to Microsoft Windows and its different packages like MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Access.

2. Internet and E-mail
Internet and Microsoft internet explorer 5, searching the internet, e-mail and news group, favourites, security and customizing explorer.
3. Web Page Development
Introduction to front page, creating a first web site, basic formatting technique, manipulating tables within front page, FrontPage, pictures and multimedia, hyperlinking, bookmarks and image maps, front page and frames, managing your web, good site design.

4. Complete Statistical Packages, Statistica

5. Languages at least two prevailing languages will be taught.

Recommended Books

Introduction to computers, Windows XP 2002, MS office XP.

Fourth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-601
Physical Pharmacy (Practical) Cr. Hrs. 3

Practical Eleborating Theory Course
Experiments to demonstrate some of physico-chemical processes, like simple distillation, steam distillation, crystallization, Dialysis.
Determination of emulsion systems. Practicals based on rheological and structural character of emulsions stabilized by mixed films of emulsifier.
Determination of particle size, angle of repose of powders. Preparation of buffer solutions and isotonic solution.
Determination of percentage composition of solutions by specific gravity method.
Partition-coefficient, surface tensions, viscosity.
Determination of various pH by acidic and alkaline buffers.
Drug stability experiments, preparation of stock solution (dilution method).
Determination of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a surface active agents. Flocculation and deflocculation of Kaolin Suspensions.

Books Recommended

1. Martin, P., Bustamante, P. and Chun, A.H.C. Physical and Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, 4th Edition, New York (1999).
2. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design. Harcourt Publishers. Second Edition (2002).
3. Rawlins E.A. (ed.) Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, 8th (or recent edition), Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York (1977).
4. Banker G.S. and Rhodes C.T. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Edition (Revised and expanded), Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York (2002).
5. Carstersen J.T. and Rhodes C.T. (ed.) Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd edition (revised and expanded), Marcel Dekker, New York (2000).

Fourth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-602
Hospital Pharmacy Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Introduction
Role of Pharmacist in hospital, minimum standards of pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals, research in hospital Pharmacy.

2. Hospital and its Orientation
Classification of hospitals, organization pattern, administration, clinical departments, nursing, dietic, pathology, blood bank, radiology and other supportive services etc., role of pharmacy in hospital, hospital finances.

3. Pharmacy, its Organization and Personnel
Pharmacy specialist, drug information centre, poison control centre and antidote bank, pharmacy education. Determining the need of professional and other departmental staff, professional service rendered.

4. Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee

5. The Hospital Formulary
General principles and guideline to develop formulary, format, preparation of formulary and role of pharmacist, benefits and problems, keeping up to date formulary, contraceptives

6. Dispensing to Inpatients
Methods of dispensing & S.O.P.'s, unit dose dispensing, other concepts of dispensing satellite pharmacy etc.

7. Dispensing to ambulatory patients, distribution of control substances, dispensing during off-hours, manufacturing bulk and sterile, the Pharmacy central sterile supply room.

8. Safe use of Medication in the Hospital
Medication error, evaluation and precautions of medication error, role of Pharmacist in controlling medication error.

9. Aseptic Dispensing
TPN, 1/V admixtures, cytotoxic dispensing, semi-sterile dis-pensing (eye drops, ear drops), hypcralimentation.

10. Role of Pharmacists in small hospitals, nursing homes etc.

11. Purchasing, distribution and control of hospital medicines.

12. Medical & Surgical Supplies
Purchasing, stocking, stock control and inventory management, drug distribution, relationship between purchasing, distribution and clinical.

13. Pharmacy services, nuclear pharmacy, the physical plant and its equipment, investigational use of drugs, health accessories, surgical supplies, inspection of wards with reference to drug storage and administration, Management of accident and emergency pharmacy (A & E)

14. Common knowledge of about 100 drugs registered by Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan.

Recommended Books

1. William Hassan. Hospital Pharmacy. Fourth edition (1985)

Fourth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-603
Industrial Pharmacy (II)
Pharmaceutical Engineering Cr. Hrs. 3+0

1. Pharmaceutical Lay Out and Plant Designing
General layout and plant designing of the Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical plant construction, nature and properties of important materials employed in construction and erection of plant, convenience and storage of raw materials, semi finished and finished product.

2. Design of Sterile Area
Sterile area and its classification, ophthalmic ointments, preparation of parenterals (building, equipment), complete sterility (aseptic area), air control, (Laminar flow etc). Air locks, environmental monitoring' methods, sterilization. Filling/ packaging (plastic and glass containers). Added substances (preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizer. suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.)

3. Heat Transfer

4. Mass Transfer
Safety Methods in Pharmaceutical Industry
Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems, inflammable gases and dusts.

5. Packaging Technology
Influence of packaging materials, stability, packaging lines, packaging area, packaging equipment.

6. Equipments Used for
Patches, sprays, implants, sutures, plasters, sachet packing.

7. Study Tour
A visit of the pharmaceutical industry and training will be an integral part of syllabi

Fourth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-604
Industrial Pharmacy (Practical)
Pharmaceutical Engineering Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Manufacture of Tablets by
Wet granulation method, manufacture of tablets by slugging, manufacture of tablets by direct compression method.

2. Coating of Tablets
Sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating.
3. Clarification of liquids by various processes.
4. Size reduction, homogenization.
5. Ampoule filling, sealing and sterilization clarity and leakage tests in injectables.
6. Capsule filling by semi automatic machines.
7. Manufacture of sustained action drugs.
8. Tablets tests: Disintegration, dissolution, friability, hardness and thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of powder. particle size analysis.
9. Content uniformity test using HPLC technique, relative humidity and moisture content determination.

Fourth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-605
Bio-Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics (I) Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Biopharmaceutics
Definition and concept, bioavailability, physiology of the G.I.T. Physiologic factor effecting the physiochemical. Formulation factor. Dissolution, factor effecting the dissolution for the absorption of the drug. Physiology of the skin. Physiological factor effect the absorption of the drug through the skin. Parenteral release dosage form. Route of administration, physiological factor effecting the absorption of the drug. Bio-pharmaceutics of other dosage form.

2. Pharmacokinetics
Review of mechanical fundamentals, rate and order of reaction. Definition and concept of pharmacokinetics. Determination through plasma level.

Recommended Books

1. Leon Shargel. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics. Fourth Edition (2002).
2. Ronald D. Schoenwald. Pharmacokinetics Principles of Dosing Adjustment. (2002).
3. Milo Gibaldi. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Fourth Edition (1991).

Fourth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-606
Clinical Pharmacokinetics (II) Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Compartment models. One compartment model. Two compartment models. Three compartment models. Non-compartmental models.
2. Biological half-life in vitamin.
3. Clearance, elevation.
4. Protein bounding.
5. Multiple dosage
6. Application of pharmacokinetics in clinical situation.
7. Application in dosage sites.
8. Bioavailability and bioequivalence testing.
9. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous infusion.

Fourth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-613
Pharmaceutical Technology Cr. Hrs. 2

1. Principles of Pharmaceutical Formulation and Dosage Form Design
Product formulation, need for dosage form, preformulation studies.

2. Formulation Development
Pharmaceutical aerosols, ophthalmic preparations, parenteral preparations.

3. Advanced Formulation Techniques
Development of a formulation methodology and flow plan for the new product. New technologies in drug delivery system.

4. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Biotechnological aspects in the product development, funda-mentals of genetic engineering and its application in medicine, principle, synthesis and application of monoclonal antibodies, introduction to gene therapy, immmobilized enzymes and their application in medicine. Production of biotech compounds, biotech vaccines, dispensing of biotech compounds

5. Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Introduction to the drug carrier, liposomes as a drug carrier, niosomes as a drug carrier, biodegradable polymers as a drug carrier, active and passive drug delivery system, other novel GIT systems, novel topical drug delivery systems

6. Modified Drug Release Dosage Form
The concept of sustained release, first order release approximation, multiple dosing, implementation of designing, approaches based upon dosage form modification. Product evaluation and testing, matrices tablets, control release technology, microencapsulation, method of particle coating, instrumentation in granule manufacturing.

Recommended Books

1. Yie W. Chein. Novel Drug Delivery System. Marcel Dekker Publishing.
2. Daan J. Crommelin. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.
3. Gilbert S. Banker. Modern Pharmaceutics. Marcel Dekker Publishing (2002)

Fourth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-614
Pharmaceutical Technology (Practical) Cr. Hrs. 2

1. Various techniques to develop the formulation
2. Granulation technology
3. Study of drug delivery systems
4. Biotechnological aspects of product development
5. In-vitro quality control of various dosage forms
6. Particle size analysis using various methods
7. Stability studies of pharmaceuticals
9. Coating of particles
10. To prepare, examine and control specifications of packaging materials

Recommended Books

1. Anya M. Hellery, Andrew W. Lloyd, James Swarbrick. Drug Delivery and Targeting. For Pharmacist and Pharmaceutical Scientist. Taylor and Francis Pubications. (2001).
2. Joseph R. Robinson. Controlled Drug Delivery. Marcel Dekker Publishing. 1997.
3. Ramabhadran T. V. Pharmaceutical Design and Development.
4. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design. Harcourt Publishers. Second Edition (2002).
5. Banker G.S. and Rhodes C.T. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Edition (Revised and expanded), Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York (2002).
6. Daan JA Crommelin, Robert D Sindelar. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. An Introduction for Pharmacist and Pharmaceutical Scientist. Harwood Academic Publishers. (1997).
7. Jain N.K. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery (1997).

Fifth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-701
Clinical Pharmacy (I)
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Care Cr. Hrs. 3

1. General Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy terminology, basic components, scope.

2. Patient Profile:
Patient disease profile, taking case history, drug profile of 25 drugs.
Adrenaline, aminoglycosides. anti TB drugs, antiepileptics, atropine, benzodiazepines, cepahlosporins, chlorpheniramine, cimetidine, digoxin, dobutamine, dopamine, fluroquinolone, frusemide. Lactulose, macrolides, metoclopramide, morphine/ pethedine, nifedipine, NSAIDS. ORS, penicillins, prednisolone, salbutamol, vancomycin.

3. Utilization of clinical drug literature: Introduction, drug literature selection, drug literature evaluation. Drug literature communication. withdrawal, detection, reporting and management of ADR.

4. Computers in clinical pharmacy:

1. Clinical Trials of Drug Substances
Designing of clinical trials, types or trials. Choice of patients, exclusion of patients, monitoring a clinical trial.

2. Drug Interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions
Drug interactions: Mechanism. Physiological factors affecting interaction. Types and level of drug interactions. Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions and its management.
Adverse drug reactions and side effects: Classification, excessive pharmacological response. Idiosyncrasy, secondary pharmacolo-gical effects. Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, toxicity following drug.

Recommended Books

1. Roger Walker. Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics.
2. Charles A. Walker and John R. Foxx. Practical Clinical Pharmacy.
3. Guard Paul. A Behavioural Approach to Pharmacy Practice.
4. Herfindal Gourlcy. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics.
5. Winfield J, RME Richards. Pharmaceutical Practice. Second Edition. Prentice Hall Publishing. (2004).
6. Kavin Taylor. Pharmacy Practice. Pharmaceutical Press. (2000)
8. Patricia J Stone. Pharmacy Practice. (2002)

Fifth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-702
Clinical Pharmacy (II)
Patient Care & Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Rational Use of Drugs
Rational prescribing, rational dispensing, problems of irrational drug use, learning about drug use problem, sampling to study drug use, indicators of drug use.

2. Introduction to Essential Drugs
Criteria for selection, use, advantages.

3. Drug utilization evaluation and drug utilization review (DUE/PUR)
Development of protocol of use of low very low therapeutic index drugs (steroids, vancomycin, cimetidine etc)

4. Drug abuse and misuse, drug induced modification of lab test values and drug induced diseases.

5. Practical Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic drug monitoring of the narrow therapeutic range drugs and other essential drugs.

6. Pharmacoeconomic Studies

7. Pharmaceutical care its scope, management and application of care plan.

8. Role of clinical pharmacist in community pharmacy.

9. Clinical Therapeutics
i General strategy, terminology of disease. Management and treatment. Drug selection.
ii Basic introduction of some clinical situations, their clinical features, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of causes. Common cold, pharyngitis and tonsilitis, pneumonia tuberculosis diarrhea, malaria, meningitis, tetanus, typhoid fever, measles rabies, AIDS, congestive cardiac failure, conjunctivitis anemia, gout, asthma, ulcer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatitis, dermatology (Scabies, Fungal diseases)

10. Clinical Toxicology
General information. Role of pharmacist in treatment of poisoning and general management of poisoning and over-dosage. Role and status of poison control centre.
Antidotes and their mechanism of action

11. Safe intravenous therapy and hazards of intravenous therapy

12. Non-compliance
Definition, introduction and importance. Extent of non-compliance. Methods of assessment. Reasons for non-compliance. Strategies for improving compliance. Designing of compliance trials.

13. Patient counseling

Recommended Books

1. Joseph. T. Dipiro. Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing (2002).
2. Mellainie. J. Rantucci. Pharmacist Talking with Patients (1997).
3. Alfonso R Gennaro. Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th Edition. Mack Publishing Company. (2002).
4. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design. Harcourt Publishers. Second Edition (2002).

Fifth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-703
Forensic Pharmacy Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Study of Drug Laws
The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed there under. Provincial drug rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the relevant province). Advertisement rules. Other related rules and Legal aspects.
2. The Pharmacy Act 1967 and Amendate Pharmacy Act of 1971
3. The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930
4. The Factory Law 1934
5. Shops and Establishment Ordinance, 1969 with rules
6. The Poisons Act 1919
7. Control of narcotics substances Act 1997

Recommended Books

1. The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan.
2. The Factory Law (1934).
3. Shop and Establishment Ordinance (1969).
4. Control of Narcotics Substances Act (1997).

Fifth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACUTICS PHT-704
Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing Cr. Hrs.3+0

Management
Nature and principles of management, types and functions of managers.

Planning
Purpose and types of planning, steps in planning. Organizing, management control systems. Purpose, steps in the control process. Forms of operations control. Requirements for adequate control. Critical control points and standards. Motivation, innovation and creativity, communication.

Production Management
Material management, supply chain, demand management, regulatory control.

Marketing Management
Marketing channels, promotion, advertising and salesmanship. Promotion marketing.

Sales Management
Personnel, buying, receiving and pricing, Sales promotion and customer services.

Pharmacy Layout Design
Objectives of layout design. Types of community pharmacies. Pharmaceutical centre, prescription-oriented pharmacies, traditional pharmacies, the super drug store.
Consumer goods and purchases. Classes of layout designs. Principles and characteristics of layout design. Traffic flow analysis.
Recommended Books

1. Patrick Tharp C. and Pedro J. Lecca. Pharmacy Management for students and practitioners.
2. Harry A. Smith. Principles and Methods of Pharmacy Management.
3. Dalton E. McFarland. Management – Foundations and Practices.
4. Kreitner. Management.
5. Newman and Summer. The Process of Management.
6. Dale E. Management Theory and Practice. 4th Edition
7. Koontz, O’Donnel. Management, 9th Edition
8. Durbin and Ireland. Management and Organizations, 2nd Ed.
9. Bovee, Thill, Wood and Dove. Management.
10. Bartol and Martin. Management.
11. Mahmood Ahmad and Nadeem Irfan Bukhari. Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing by
12. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong. Principles of Marketing. 7th Edition
13. Etzel, Walker and Stantion, Marketing. 11th Edition.

Fifth Professional First Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-705
Prescription Pharmacy and
Community Pharmacy Cr. Hrs. 3+0

1. Basic Principles of Compounding and Dispensing
Weights and measures. Calculations for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operations in compounding. Containers and closures for different products. Prescription handing, Parts of prescription, filling, labelling, pricing of dispensed medication.

2. Extemporaneous Dispensing
Solid, semi solid and liquid dosage form.

3. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities
Types of incompatibilities. Manifestations, correction and prevention with reference to typical examples.
4. I. V. admixtures
5. Dispensing of radio pharmaceuticals
6. Definitions and background of community pharmacy
7. Epidemiology and its control. Prevents Health (EPI & CDC). Family planning. Health policy and National drug policy.
8. Patient assessment.
9. Medical compilation of drug administration (General & Socio-economic Aspects).
10. Patient pharmacist communication.
11. Patient education and counseling.
12. Control of drug abuse and misuse.
13. Role of pharmacist as Public Health Educator in the community for drug monitoring and drug information

Recommended Books

1. Carter SJ. Cooper and Guns. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students (1997).
2. Roy Robertson. Management of Drug Users in the Community: A practical Handbook edited.
3. Alfonso R Gennaro. Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th Edition. Mack Publishing Company (2002).
4. Martindale’s Extra Pharmacopoeia. 32nd edition. (2002).

Fifth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-706
Prescription Pharmacy (Practical) Cr. Hrs. 3

Practicals Elaborating Theory Course
Mixtures, ointments, creams, lotions, pastes, ear drops, glycerite, mounth wash, nasal drops.

Fifth Professional Second Semester

PHARMACEUTICS PHT-708
Pharmaceutical Quality Control and
Quality Assurance Cr. Hrs. 3

1. Validation of Pharmaceutical Process
Control of components and drug product containers and doses. Production and process controls. Packaging and labelling controls. Holding and distribution. Repackaging and relabelling.
Regulating basis for person validation, sterilization validation of sterile products. Sterile product validation. Validation of solid dosage form. Process validation and quality assurance. Prospective process validation, validation for water system for sterile and non- sterile products, cleaning validation, equipment validation, process validation of raw materials. Analytical method validation, computer system validation, validation of diluted aerosole

2. Different tests of liquids, emulsion, solid state and time release product.
Biological assays. Biological methods. Bioassay of antibiotics. Standard preparation and unit of activity. Assay of vitamins, hormones miscellaneous tests.
Toxicity tests and identification test, ash contents etc. General knowledge of B.P, B.P.C. USP, N. etc. Statistical interpretation of quality controls data. Quality control and assurance of hospital and clinical pharmacy.

Recommended Books

1. Sydney H. Willig. Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals. Marcel Dekker Publishing.
2. Pharmaceutical Process Validation. Marcel Dekker Publishing (1999)
3. Joseph. T. Dipiro. Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing (2003).